1. Seated Asanas

• YGYL001 Lotus Position | Padmāsana (पद्मासन)

  Padmāsana is comprised of “Padma” (lotus flower) and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It refers to a seated posture that guides the mind and body towards tranquility, much like a lotus blooming gracefully from the mud.

• YGYL002 Easy Pose | Sukhāsana (सुखासन)

  Sukhāsana is comprised of “Sukha” (comfort, joy) and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It literally means a comfortable seated posture and is used as a foundational seat for extended periods of sitting, such as meditation, breathing exercises, or reading.

• YGYL003 Staff Pose | Daṇḍāsana (दण्डासन)

  Daṇḍāsana is comprised of “Daṇḍa” (staff, rod) and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It refers to a stable posture where the spine is held straight and the legs are extended forward, resembling a stable staff.

• YGYL004 Hero Pose | Vīrāsana (वीरासन)

  Vīrāsana is comprised of “Vīra” (hero, brave one) and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It refers to a seated posture that cultivates a strong and stable mind, like that of a hero. It enhances leg flexibility and is suitable for meditation.

• YGYL005 Cow Face Pose | Gomukhāsana (गोमुखासन)

  Gomukhāsana is comprised of “Go” (cow), “Mukha” (face), and “Āsana” (posture/seat). Named for the way the legs resemble the shape of a cow’s face when intertwined, this pose simultaneously enhances flexibility in the hip and shoulder joints.

• YGYL006 Accomplished Pose | Siddhāsana (सिद्धासन)

  Siddhāsana is comprised of “Siddha” (accomplished, perfect) and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It’s considered one of the most suitable postures for meditation, believed to aid the path to spiritual accomplishment and enlightenment.

• YGYL007 Half Lotus Pose | Ardha Padmāsana (अर्ध पद्मासन)

  Ardha Padmāsana is comprised of “Ardha” (half) and “Padmāsana” (Lotus Position). It refers to half the form of Lotus Pose, with only one foot placed on the opposite thigh. It’s widely used as an alternative when full Lotus Pose is challenging.

• YGYL008 Bound Angle Pose | Baddhakonāsana (बद्धकोणासन)

  Baddhakonāsana is comprised of “Baddha” (bound, joined), “Koṇa” (angle), and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It refers to a seated posture where the soles of the feet are joined and the knees open out to the sides, resembling a butterfly opening its wings.

• YGYL009 Tortoise Pose | Kūrmāsana (कूर्मासन)

  Kūrmāsana is comprised of “Kūrma” (tortoise) and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It refers to a challenging pose where the body folds forward like a tortoise retracting into its shell, involving a deep forward bend and profound hip opening.

• YGYL010 Pose of Marichi | Marīchyāsana (मरीच्यासन)

  Marīchyāsana is named after the ancient Indian sage Marichi. It’s a seated twist where one knee is bent and the body is twisted to clasp the hands behind the back. It stimulates the digestive system and enhances spinal flexibility.

• YGYL011 Thunderbolt Pose | Vajrāsana (वज्रासन)

  Vajrāsana is comprised of “Vajra” (thunderbolt, diamond, strong) and “Āsana” (posture/seat). It means a strong and stable posture, and it is one of the few asanas believed to aid digestion after a meal.

• YGYL012 Seated Spinal Twist | Ardha Matsyendrāsana (अर्ध मत्स्येन्द्रासन)

  Ardha Matsyendrāsana is comprised of “Ardha” (half), “Matsyendra” (King of Fishes, name of a great yogi), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). Also known as Half Lord of the Fishes Pose, it is a quintessential seated twisting asana.

2. Standing Asanas

• YGYL013 Mountain Pose | Tāḍāsana (ताडासन)

  Tāḍāsana is comprised of “Tāḍa” (mountain) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It signifies a strong and stable posture, like a mountain firmly rooted in the earth yet reaching towards the sky. It is a fundamental standing pose in Yoga.

• YGYL014 Triangle Pose | Trikoṇāsana (त्रिकोणासन)

  Trikonāsana is comprised of “Tri” (three), “Koṇa” (angle), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a standing pose where the body forms a triangle, deepening the lateral extension and hip opening.

• YGYL015 Warrior I | Vīrabhadrāsana I (वीरभद्रासन I)

  Vīrabhadrāsana I is named after Virabhadra, a fierce incarnation of Lord Shiva. It symbolizes strength, courage, and focus, representing a posture rooted in the earth yet reaching towards the heavens.

• YGYL016 Warrior II | Vīrabhadrāsana II (वीरभद्रासन II)

  Vīrabhadrāsana II is a posture representing the fierce warrior Virabhadra preparing for battle, characterized by a powerful, open stance. It deepens hip and shoulder opening while cultivating concentration and stability.

• YGYL017 Warrior III | Vīrabhadrāsana III (वीरभद्रासन III)

  Vīrabhadrāsana III is a one-legged balancing pose reminiscent of the hero Virabhadra wielding a bow and arrow. It simultaneously cultivates full-body stability, concentration, and strength.

• YGYL018 Half Moon Pose | Ardha Chandrāsana (अर्ध चन्द्रासन)

  Ardha Chandrāsana is comprised of “Ardha” (half), “Chandra” (moon), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a beautiful and balanced standing pose, like a half-moon floating in the night sky.

• YGYL019 Chair Pose | Utkaṭāsana (उत्कटासन)

  Utkaṭāsana is comprised of “Utkaṭa” (fierce, powerful, difficult) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a powerful standing pose that strengthens the lower body, as if sitting on an invisible chair in the air.

• YGYL020 Eagle Pose | Garudāsana (गरुडासन)

  Garudāsana is named after Garuda, the sacred bird in Hindu mythology (mount of Lord Vishnu). This pose involves intertwining the arms and legs, enhancing concentration and balance while improving joint flexibility.

• YGYL021 Tree Pose | Vṛkṣāsana (वृक्षासन)

  Vṛkṣāsana is comprised of “Vṛkṣa” (tree) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). Like a tree firmly rooted in the earth and reaching towards the sky, it is a standing pose that cultivates a stable mind and balance.

• YGYL022 Wide-Legged Forward Fold | Prasārita Pādottanāsana (प्रसारित पादोत्तनासन)

  Prasārita Pādottanāsana is comprised of “Prasārita” (expanded, spread out), “Pāda” (foot), “Uttāna” (intensely stretched), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a standing pose where legs are widely spread and the body folds deeply forward, profoundly stretching the hamstrings and inner thighs.

• YGYL023 Hand-to-Foot Pose | Padahastāsana (पादहस्तासन)

  Padahastāsana is comprised of “Pāda” (foot), “Hasta” (hand), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a standing pose where the hands grasp the toes or entire soles of the feet, and the body folds deeply forward, stretching the hamstrings and the entire spine.

• YGYL024 High Lunge | *

  High Lunge is a lunge pose where one leg is extended far back, and the heel of the back foot is lifted off the floor. It strengthens the lower body, extends the hip flexors, and cultivates core stability.

3. Forward Bends & Backbends

• YGYL025 Seated Forward Bend | Paścimottanāsana (पश्चिमोत्तनासन)

  Paścimottanāsana is comprised of “Paścima” (west, back), “Uttāna” (intensely stretched), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a seated pose where the body folds deeply forward, primarily stretching the entire back side of the body.

• YGYL026 Seated Wide-Legged Forward Bend | Upaviṣṭa Koṇāsana (उपविष्ट कोणासन)

  Upaviṣṭa Koṇāsana is comprised of “Upaviṣṭa” (seated), “Koṇa” (angle), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a pose where the legs are widely spread to the sides while seated, and the body folds deeply forward, stretching the hip joints, inner thighs, and hamstrings.

• YGYL027 Head-to-Knee Pose | Jānu Śīrṣāsana (जानु शीर्षासन)

  Jānu Śīrṣāsana is comprised of “Jānu” (knee), “Śīrṣa” (head), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a seated pose where one leg is extended and the other knee is bent, with the head drawing towards the extended knee in a forward fold.

• YGYL028 Cobra Pose | Bhujaṅgāsana (भुजंगासन)

  Bhujaṅgāsana is comprised of “Bhujaṅga” (cobra) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a prone backbend pose where the body arches like a cobra raising its hood, strengthening the back muscles and opening the chest.

• YGYL029 Bow Pose | Dhanurāsana (धनुरासन)

  Dhanurāsana is comprised of “Dhanu” (bow) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a prone backbend pose where the body arches like a drawn bow, grasping the ankles with hands, enhancing overall flexibility and strength.

• YGYL030 Fish Pose | Matsyāsana (मत्स्यासन)

  Matsyāsana is comprised of “Matsya” (fish) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is an active supine backbend that lifts and opens the chest dramatically, evoking the buoyant, expansive quality of a fish moving freely through water.

• YGYL031 Camel Pose | Uṣṭrāsana (उष्ट्रासन)

  Uṣṭrāsana is comprised of “Uṣṭra” (camel) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a deep backbend pose from a kneeling position, where the entire body arches like a camel, widely opening the chest and throat.

• YGYL032 Wheel Pose | Chakrāsana (चक्रासन)

  Chakrāsana is comprised of “Chakra” (wheel, circle) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is an advanced backbend pose where the entire body arches into a large circle, resembling a wheel.

• YGYL033 Pigeon Pose | Eka Pada Rājakapotāsana (एक पाद राजकपोतासन)

  Eka Pada Rājakapotāsana is comprised of “Eka” (one), “Pāda” (foot/leg), “Rāja” (king), “Kapota” (pigeon), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a deep hip-opening pose in which one leg extends forward with a bent knee while the other extends back, evoking the grounded, chest-open stance of a king pigeon.

• YGYL034 Upward-Facing Dog | Ūrdhva Mukha Śvānāsana (ऊर्ध्व मुख श्वानासन)

  Ūrdhva Mukha Śvānāsana is comprised of “Ūrdhva” (upward), “Mukha” (face), “Śvāna” (dog), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a powerful chest-opening backbend pose, resembling a dog stretching with its face turned upwards.

• YGYL035 Upward Plank Pose | Pūrvottanāsana (पूर्वोत्तनासन)

  Pūrvottanāsana is comprised of “Pūrva” (east, front), “Uttāna” (intensely stretched), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a pose that strongly stretches the entire front of the body, strengthening the back muscles and core.

• YGYL036 Child’s Pose | Bālāsana (बालासन)

  Bālāsana is comprised of “Bāla” (child, young) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a resting pose that deeply relaxes the mind and body, resembling a child peacefully curled up in sleep.

4. Twists, Balances & Inversions

• YGYL037 Core Strength | *

  Core Strength refers to the functional strength of the deep stabilizing muscles of the torso — including the transverse abdominis, multifidus, pelvic floor, and diaphragm. In Yoga, these muscles form the physical foundation for every āsana: without their coordinated engagement, poses lack stability, alignment suffers, and the risk of injury increases.

• YGYL038 Revolved Triangle Pose | Parivṛtta Trikoṇāsana (परिवृत्त त्रिकोणासन)

  Parivṛtta Trikoṇāsana is comprised of “Parivṛtta” (revolved, rotated), “Trikoṇa” (triangle), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a standing twisting pose that simultaneously performs a deep spinal twist and hamstring extension.

• YGYL039 Side Plank | Vasiṣṭhāsana (वसिष्ठासन)

  Vasiṣṭhāsana is named after the ancient sage Vasistha. It is a balancing pose that strongly strengthens the core, where the entire body is supported by one arm, forming a straight diagonal line.

• YGYL040 Crow Pose | Bakāsana (बकासन)

  Bakāsana is comprised of “Baka” (crane or heron) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is an arm balance pose in which the body is supported entirely on the hands, knees resting on the backs of the upper arms, evoking the poised stillness of a crane balanced at the water’s edge. *Note: In common yoga usage, “Crow Pose” and “Crane Pose” are often used interchangeably for Bakāsana. Strictly speaking, Kākāsana (Crow Pose, from Kāka meaning crow) refers to the bent-arm variation with knees lower on the arms, while Bakāsana (Crane Pose) refers to the straight-arm variation. In most contemporary classes, Bakāsana is taught and cued as “Crow” — both names are widely accepted.*

• YGYL041 Headstand | Śīrṣāsana (शीर्षासन)

  Śīrṣāsana is comprised of “Śīrṣa” (head) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). Also known as the “King of Asanas,” it is an inversion pose where the body is balanced upside down, supported by the head and arms.

• YGYL042 Shoulder Stand | Sarvāṅgāsana (सर्वाङ्गासन)

  Sarvāṅgāsana is comprised of “Sarva” (all, entire), “Aṅga” (limb, part), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). Translated as “All Limbs Pose” and also known as the “Queen of Asanas,” it is an inversion pose.

• YGYL043 Plow Pose | Halāsana (हलासन)

  Halāsana is comprised of “Hala” (plow) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). Like a farming plow, this pose folds the body with legs extended overhead, combining elements of backbend and inversion.

• YGYL044 Bridge Pose | Setu Bandhāsana (सेतु बन्धासन)

  Setu Bandhāsana is comprised of “Setu” (bridge), “Bandha” (bind, lock), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a backbend pose where the body forms an arch like a bridge, strengthening the back muscles and hamstrings while opening the chest.

• YGYL045 Inversion | Viparīta Karaṇī (विपरीत करणी)

  Viparīta Karaṇī is comprised of “Viparīta” (inverted, reversed) and “Karaṇī” (action, method), and is generally known as “Inversion Pose.” It is a general term for postures where the head is positioned lower than the heart, bringing various benefits to mind and body by reversing circulation.

• YGYL046 Dolphin Pose | Ardha Piñcha Mayurāsana (अर्ध पिंच मयूरासन)

  Ardha Piñcha Mayurāsana is comprised of “Ardha” (half), “Piñcha” (feather), “Mayura” (peacock), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a preparatory pose for inversions, where elbows and forearms press into the floor, and the body forms an inverted “V” shape.

• YGYL047 Tripod Headstand | *

  Tripod Headstand refers to a variation of Headstand (Śīrṣāsana) where the crown of the head and both palms form a tripod-like base, and the legs extend towards the ceiling.

• YGYL048 Handstand at Wall | *

  Handstand at Wall refers to practicing Handstand using a wall for support, where the body is inverted and supported by the hands.

5. Supine & Relaxation Asanas

• YGYL049 Corpse Pose | Śavāsana (शवासन)

  Śavāsana is comprised of “Śava” (corpse, dead body) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a vital final pose in Yoga, where the body’s energy is completely released, leading to deep physical and mental relaxation.

• YGYL050 Wind-Relieving Pose | Pavanamuktāsana (पवनमुक्तासन)

  Pavanamuktāsana is comprised of “Pavan” (wind, air) and “Mukta” (to release), and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a supine pose that helps release trapped gas in the abdomen and alleviates digestive discomfort.

• YGYL051 Reclined Hero Pose | Supta Vīrāsana (सुप्त वीरासन)

  Supta Vīrāsana is comprised of “Supta” (supine, lying down) and “Vīrāsana” (Hero Pose). It is a deep backbend and leg stretch pose, moving from Hero Pose to lying on the back.

• YGYL052 Reclined Bound Angle Pose | Supta Baddhakonāsana (सुप्त बद्धकोणासन)

  Supta Baddhakonāsana is comprised of “Supta” (supine, lying down) and “Baddhakonāsana” (Bound Angle Pose). It is a pose where you lie on your back with the soles of your feet together and knees opened out to the sides, deeply relaxing the hip joints.

• YGYL053 Reclined Fish Pose | Supta Matsyāsana (सुप्त मत्स्यासन)

  Supta Matsyāsana is comprised of “Supta” (supine, at rest) and “Matsyāsana” (Fish Pose). Where Matsyāsana is active and energizing, Supta Matsyāsana is its restorative counterpart — a gentle, supported opening of the chest and throat that invites surrender rather than effort.

• YGYL054 Crocodile Pose | Makārāsana (मकारासन)

  Makārāsana is comprised of “Makara” (crocodile, sea monster) and “Āsana” (posture/pose). It is a resting pose where you lie on your stomach, relaxing the entire body as if a crocodile floating on the water’s surface.

• YGYL055 Eye Exercises | Netra Vyāyāma (नेत्र व्यायाम)

  Netra Vyāyāma is comprised of “Netra” (eye) and “Vyāyāma” (exercise, practice). It is a Yoga practice involving conscious eye movements, aimed at alleviating eye strain and strengthening eye muscles.

• YGYL056 Constructive Rest Pose | *

  Constructive Rest Pose is a supine posture where the knees are bent, feet are flat on the floor hip-width apart, and the knees rest against each other. It allows the spine to naturally align and the psoas muscles to relax.

• YGYL057 Yoga Nidra | Yoga Nidrā ※多義性のため重複記載 (योग निद्रा)

  Yoga Nidrā is comprised of “Yoga” (Yoga) and “Nidrā” (sleep). It refers to a deep relaxation and meditation technique often described as “yogic sleep” or “conscious sleep,” where the body is in a state of deep rest while the consciousness remains awake.

• YGYL058 Restorative Yoga | *

  Restorative Yoga refers to a style of Yoga that utilizes numerous props (supports) to deeply restore and relax the mind and body by holding poses for extended periods without strain.

• YGYL059 Relaxation | *

  Relaxation refers to the act of easing tension and restoring mental calm. In Yoga, it signifies both the state of being and the practices aimed at achieving profound mind-body release.

• YGYL060 Cool Down | *

  Cool Down refers to the gentle phase of a Yoga practice following active asana sequences, aimed at gradually reducing heart rate and cooling down muscles.

6. Bandhas (Energy Locks)

• YGYL061 Bandha (Energy Lock) | Bandha (बन्ध)

  Bandha means “to bind, fix, or lock” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to “energy locks” or “seals” formed by consciously contracting and engaging specific areas of the body to control and contain the flow of Prana (life force energy) internally.

• YGYL062 Mula Bandha (Root Lock) | Mūla Bandha (मूल बन्ध)

  Mūla Bandha is comprised of “Mūla” (root, origin) and “Bandha” (lock). It is the “root lock” achieved by contracting the perineum (pelvic floor muscles), preventing the downward flow of Apana (descending Prana) and directing energy upwards.

• YGYL063 Uddiyana Bandha (Abdominal Lock) | Uḍḍīyāna Bandha (उड्डीयान बन्ध)

  Uḍḍīyāna means “to fly up, to lift up,” and Bandha means “to bind, to lock.” It is a Prana (life force energy) lock performed after a complete exhalation, where the abdomen is drawn inward and upward, lifting the diaphragm into the rib cage.

• YGYL064 Jalandhara Bandha (Throat Lock) | Jālandhara Bandha (जालंधर बन्ध)

  Jālandhara means “holding the net” or “holding the brain,” and Bandha means “to bind, to lock.” It is a Prana (life force energy) lock where the chin is drawn towards the sternal notch, constricting the throat.

• YGYL065 Maha Bandha (Great Lock) | Mahā Bandha (महा बन्ध)

  Mahā means “great,” and Bandha means “lock” or “seal.” Mahā Bandha is the simultaneous engagement of all three major Bandhas — Mūla Bandha (Root Lock), Uḍḍīyāna Bandha (Abdominal Lock), and Jālandhara Bandha (Chin Lock) — creating a unified seal throughout the entire length of the torso.

• YGYL066 Mudra of Union (Yoga Mudra) | Yoga Mudrā (योग मुद्रा)

  Yoga Mudrā is a meditative pose, often practiced in a seated position like Lotus Pose, where the practitioner folds forward to touch the forehead to the floor, symbolizing the union of individual consciousness with universal consciousness.

• YGYL067 Engage Muscles | *

  “Engage” refers to consciously activating or contracting specific muscle groups in Yoga. It is used to maintain asana alignment, enhance stability, and maximize the pose’s benefits.

• YGYL068 Core | *

  “Core” in the yogic context refers not only to the physical center of the body, but to the energetic and subtle center from which all practice radiates. It is the meeting point of physical stability and prāṇic (life force) concentration — the place where the outer body and the inner body converge.

• YGYL069 Tanden (Lower Abdomen) | *

  Tanden is a term from traditional Japanese bodywork and East Asian philosophy, referring to an energy center deep in the lower abdomen, below the navel. In Yoga, it can be understood as the awareness of the deep abdominal “core,” or as a point between the Muladhara and Svadhisthana Chakras.

• YGYL070 Root | Mūla (मूल)

  Mūla means “root, origin, foundation” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it is particularly used to refer to the physical and energetic “base” or “source,” as in Mula Bandha (Root Lock) or Muladhara Chakra (Root Chakra).

• YGYL071 Bhuta (Five Great Elements) | Bhūta (भूत)

  Bhūta means “element,” “being,” or “existence” in Sanskrit. It refers to the five great elements—Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Ether (Space)—that constitute all of creation, including the human body.

• YGYL072 Net-Holding | Jālandhara (जालंधर)

  Jālandhara carries two intertwined meanings in Sanskrit: “holding the net” (from *jāla*, net, and *dhara*, holding) — evoking the image of a net that captures and retains Prāṇa — and “holder of the brain’s network” — referring to the complex web of nāḍīs (energy channels) and nerves converging in the throat and cervical region. The word itself maps the anatomy of inner energy as a living net, held and regulated at the throat.

7. Mudras (Gestures & Seals)

• YGYL073 Mudra (Gesture, Seal) | Mudrā (मुद्रा)

  Mudrā means “seal, imprint, or gesture” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to symbolic hand gestures, finger positions, or specific body postures used to guide the flow of Prana (life force energy) in a particular direction and to focus consciousness.

• YGYL074 Chin Mudra (Gesture of Consciousness) | Chin Mudrā ※多義性のため重複記載 (चिन् मुद्रा)

  Chin Mudrā, meaning “seal of consciousness,” is a hand gesture where the tips of the thumb and index finger touch, with the remaining fingers extended. It symbolizes directing consciousness inward and connecting with wisdom.

• YGYL075 Gyan Mudra (Gesture of Knowledge) | Jñāna Mudrā (ज्ञान मुद्रा)

  Jñāna Mudrā is comprised of “Jñāna” (wisdom, knowledge) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a hand gesture where the tips of the thumb and index finger touch, with the remaining fingers extended. It symbolizes wisdom, knowledge, and spiritual growth. While similar in shape to Chin Mudra, it differs in that the palm faces downwards.

• YGYL076 Tattva Mudra (Gesture of Elements) | Tattva Mudrā (तत्त्व मुद्रा)

  Tattva Mudrā is a hand gesture used to balance the five great elements—Earth, Water, Fire, Air, and Ether—within the body. It is known as the “Gesture of Elements.”

• YGYL077 Hakini Mudra (Gesture of the Mind) | Hākinī Mudrā (हाकिनी मुद्रा)

  Hākinī Mudrā is a hand gesture where all ten fingertips are brought together, connecting both hands in front of the chest. It is known as the “Gesture of the Mind,” as it is believed to enhance brain function and focus.

• YGYL078 Vayu Mudra (Wind Gesture) | Vāyu Mudrā (वायु मुद्रा)

  Vāyu Mudrā is comprised of “Vāyu” (wind, air) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a hand gesture where the index finger is placed at the base of the thumb, and the thumb gently presses down on it. It aims to calm the excessive movement of wind (Vayu) within the body and restore balance.

• YGYL079 Surya Mudra (Sun Gesture) | Sūrya Mudrā (सूर्य मुद्रा)

  Sūrya Mudrā is comprised of “Sūrya” (sun) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a hand gesture where the ring finger is placed at the base of the thumb, and the thumb gently presses down on it. It aims to activate the fire element (Agni) within the body and boost metabolism.

• YGYL080 Vishnu Mudra (Gesture of Insight) | Viṣṇu Mudrā (विष्णु मुद्रा)

  Viṣṇu Mudrā is a hand gesture named after Vishnu, the Hindu deity of preservation. It involves folding the index and middle fingers into the palm, while extending the thumb, ring finger, and little finger. It is primarily used for Alternate Nostril Breathing (Nadi Shodhana).

• YGYL081 Prithvi Mudra (Earth Gesture) | Pṛthvī Mudrā (पृथ्वी मुद्रा)

  Pṛthvī Mudrā is a hand gesture where the tip of the thumb and the tip of the ring finger touch, while the other fingers remain extended. It is known as the “Earth Gesture” or “Gesture of the Earth.”

• YGYL082 Abhaya Mudra (Gesture of Fearlessness) | Abhaya Mudrā (अभय मुद्रा)

  Abhaya Mudrā is comprised of “A” (non-) and “Bhaya” (fear) in Sanskrit. It is a hand gesture where the palm of the right hand faces forward, and the fingers are extended upwards, symbolizing fearlessness, protection, and peace.

• YGYL083 Dhyana Mudra (Meditation Gesture) | Dhyāna Mudrā (ध्यान मुद्रा)

  Dhyāna Mudrā is comprised of “Dhyāna” (meditation) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a common hand gesture used during meditation, where both palms are stacked, and the tips of the thumbs touch. It aids in deep concentration and transitioning into a meditative state.

• YGYL084 Vira Mudra (Hero Gesture) | Vīra Mudrā (वीर मुद्रा)

  Vīra Mudrā is comprised of “Vīra” (hero, brave one) and “Mudrā” (seal). Its form may vary by lineage, such as crossing both hands in front of the chest with palms facing each other. It aims to cultivate courage and inner strength in the face of challenges.

8. Body Components & Movements

• YGYL085 Central Axis | *

  Central Axis refers to an imaginary vertical line running through the center of the body in Yoga. Extending from the crown of the head to the perineum, this axis is fundamental for pose stability, balance, and energy flow.

• YGYL086 Alignment | *

  Alignment refers to the proper and efficient positioning of various body parts (bones, joints, muscles, etc.) in Yoga to maximize the pose’s purpose and safety.

• YGYL087 Grounding | *

  Grounding refers to the sensation of connecting to the earth through the body’s points of contact (soles of the feet, sitting bones, etc.), fostering stability and a sense of security in Yoga.

• YGYL088 Center of Gravity | *

  Center of Gravity refers to the central point of the body’s weight in Yoga. By being aware of and controlling this center, pose stability, balance, and movement efficiency are enhanced.

• YGYL089 Extension | *

  Extension refers to movements in Yoga that open the angle of a joint and lengthen body parts in a straight line. It primarily aims to lengthen the spine and limbs.

• YGYL090 Flexion | *

  Flexion refers to movements in Yoga that decrease the angle of a joint and fold body parts. It is primarily used in forward-bending asanas.

• YGYL091 Rotation | *

  Rotation refers to movements in Yoga where a part of the body (spine, shoulder joint, hip joint, etc.) turns around an axis.

• YGYL092 Lateral Bend | *

  Lateral Bend refers to movements in Yoga where the body bends directly sideways, involving extension on one side and contraction on the opposite side.

• YGYL093 Adduction | *

  Adduction refers to movements in Yoga where a body part (primarily legs or arms) is drawn towards the body’s midline.

• YGYL094 Abduction | *

  Abduction refers to movements in Yoga where a body part (primarily legs or arms) is moved away from the body’s midline.

• YGYL095 Prithvi (Earth Element) | Pṛthvī (पृथ्वी)

  Pṛthvī means “Earth” in Sanskrit. It represents the element of Earth, which is characterized by qualities of stability, solidity, and groundedness. It is the fundamental principle of form and structure.

• YGYL096 External Rotation | *

  External Rotation refers to movements in Yoga where a joint (especially hip or shoulder joints) rotates outward.

9. Yoga Philosophy & Language

• YGYL097 Shishya (Disciple) | Śiṣya (शिष्य)

  Śiṣya means “disciple,” “student,” or “one who is disciplined” in Sanskrit. It refers to a dedicated student who receives knowledge and teachings from a Guru (teacher). The term implies not only intellectual learning but also a commitment to live and practice in accordance with the teachings.

• YGYL098 Sanskrit (Sacred Language) | Saṃskṛtam (संस्कृतम्)

  Saṃskṛtam means “perfectly formed” or “refined” in Sanskrit. It is an ancient Indian language in which many foundational Yoga texts, such as the Vedas, Upanishads, and Yoga Sutras, are written.

• YGYL099 Hatha Yoga (Forceful Yoga) | Haṭha Yoga (हठ योग)

  Haṭha Yoga is comprised of “Ha” (sun), “Ṭha” (moon), and “Yoga” (union). It refers to a system of Yoga that uses physical practices (Haṭha, meaning “force” or “willful effort”) to balance the mind and body, aiming to achieve spiritual objectives.

• YGYL100 Vinyasa (Flow) | Vinyāsa (विन्यास)

  Vinyāsa is comprised of “Vi” (in a special way, order) and “Nyāsa” (to place). It refers to a style or practice of Yoga where breath and movement are synchronized, flowing seamlessly from one pose to another.

• YGYL101 Sequence | *

  Sequence is an English word meaning “succession” or “order.” In Yoga, it refers to a series of asanas (poses) or breathing techniques performed in succession, based on a specific purpose or theme.

• YGYL102 Sthira Sukham (Steadiness and Comfort) | Sthira Sukham (स्थिर सुखम्)

  Sthira Sukham is a core principle from the Yoga Sutras, meaning “steadiness and comfort” or “firmness and ease.” It refers to the state of an asana (pose), which should be both stable and comfortable.

• YGYL103 Style | *

  Style is an English word meaning “manner” or “method.” In Yoga, it refers to a lineage or system characterized by specific teaching methodologies, philosophies, or asana practice approaches.

• YGYL104 Lineage (Parampara) | Paramparā (परम्परा)

  Paramparā means “uninterrupted succession” or “tradition” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to a traditional system or school where knowledge and teachings have been passed down uninterruptedly from guru (teacher) to shishya (disciple).

• YGYL105 Guru (Teacher) | Guru (गुरु)

  Guru means “teacher,” “spiritual guide,” or “the one who dispels darkness” in Sanskrit. The term is comprised of “Gu” (darkness) and “Ru” (light), symbolizing a guide who leads a student from ignorance to enlightenment.

• YGYL106 Props (Yoga Props) | *

  Props is an English word meaning “supports” or “accessories”. In Yoga, it is a general term for auxiliary tools used to safely deepen asanas (poses), reduce physical load, or focus awareness on specific sensations. Common examples include blocks, blankets, bolsters, straps, and mats.

• YGYL107 Shiva (The Awakened Consciousness) | Śiva (शिव)

  Śiva means “auspicious one” or “benevolent” in Sanskrit. In a yogic context, Shiva represents pure, absolute consciousness and the ultimate, unchanging reality. It is the passive, still, and masculine principle of the universe. Background: In Hindu mythology and Yoga philosophy, Shiva is one of the principal deities. As a representation of pure consciousness, Shiva is often depicted in meditation, symbolizing the profound stillness that is the ultimate goal of the yogic path. Shiva is the counterpart to Shakti, the dynamic, creative, and feminine energy. Usage in Yoga Context: The concept of Shiva helps practitioners move beyond the physical form of asana to connect with the pure awareness behind the movement. It is referenced in the name of poses like Virabhadrasana (Warrior Pose), which is named after an incarnation of Shiva, reminding practitioners to embody strength rooted in consciousness. Notes for Instructors: Encourage students to find the stillness of Shiva even in the most dynamic asanas. Guide them to be the witness to their breath and body, connecting with the pure consciousness that observes all. Related Terms: Shakti / Atman / Brahman / Consciousness / Meditation / Stillness

• YGYL108 Asana (Posture / Pose) | Āsana (आसन)

  Āsana means “seat, posture, or way of sitting” in Sanskrit. Originally, it referred to a steady and comfortable seated position for meditation, but in modern Yoga, it is widely used to denote physical poses in general.

1. Pranayama: Breathing Techniques

• YGYL109 Pranayama (Breath Control) | Prāṇāyāma (प्राणायाम)

  Prāṇāyāma is comprised of “Prāṇa” (life force energy, breath) and “Āyāma” (control, extension). It refers to all Yoga breathing techniques that consciously control and regulate breath to extend and manage the flow of Prana (life force energy).

• YGYL110 Prana (Life Force Energy) | Prāṇa (प्राण)

  Prāṇa means “life force energy” or “breath” in Sanskrit. It is the fundamental, vital energy that animates all living things and pervades the entire universe. It is the bridge between the physical and the subtle body.

• YGYL111 Inhale | Pūraka (पूरक)

  Pūraka means “to fill, to complete” in Sanskrit, and in breathing techniques, it refers to “inhalation.” It is considered the act of drawing Prana (life force energy) into the body.

• YGYL112 Exhale | Recaka (रेचक)

  Recaka means “to empty, to expel” in Sanskrit, and in breathing techniques, it refers to “exhalation.” It is considered the act of expelling impurities and stagnant energy from the body.

• YGYL113 Kumbhaka (Breath Retention) | Kumbhaka (कुम्भक)

  Kumbhaka means “pot, pitcher” in Sanskrit, and in breathing techniques, it refers to “breath retention.” This includes holding the breath after inhalation (Antara Kumbhaka) and after exhalation (Bahya Kumbhaka).

• YGYL114 Abdominal Breathing (Diaphragmatic Breathing) | *

  Abdominal Breathing refers to a deep, relaxed breathing technique primarily using the diaphragm, where the abdomen expands on inhalation and contracts on exhalation.

• YGYL115 Thoracic Breathing (Chest Breathing) | *

  Thoracic Breathing refers to a breathing technique primarily using the intercostal muscles, where the rib cage expands on inhalation and contracts on exhalation.

• YGYL116 Complete Breath (Full Yogic Breath) | Mahat Yoga Prāṇāyāma (महत् योग प्राणायाम)

  Complete Breath refers to a fundamental Yoga breathing technique that combines abdominal, thoracic, and clavicular breathing to breathe deeply and fully, using the entire lung capacity.

• YGYL117 Ujjayi Breath (Victorious Breath) | Ujjāyī Prāṇāyāma (उज्जायी प्राणायाम)

  Ujjāyī means “victorious, conquering” in Sanskrit. It is a breathing technique performed by slightly constricting the back of the throat, creating a frictional sound, also known as the “Victorious Breath.”

• YGYL118 Kapalabhati (Skull Shining Breath) | Kapālabhāti ※多義性のため重複記載 (कपालभाति)

  Kapālabhāti is comprised of “Kapāla” (skull) and “Bhāti” (to shine, to illuminate). It is a pump-like breathing technique characterized by forceful, short exhalations, with inhalations occurring naturally. It is also known as “Skull Shining Breath.”

• YGYL119 Nadi Shodhana (Alternate Nostril Breathing) | Nāḍī Śodhana (नाडी शोधन)

  Nāḍī Śodhana is comprised of “Nāḍī” (energy channel) and “Śodhana” (purification). It is a Pranayama (breathing technique) practiced by alternating breathing through the left and right nostrils, meaning “purification of energy channels.”

• YGYL120 Sheetali Breath (Cooling Breath) | Śītalī Prāṇāyāma (शीतली प्राणायाम)

  Śītalī means “cooling, calming” in Sanskrit. It is a breathing technique where air is inhaled through a curled tongue (like a straw) and exhaled through the nose, also known as the “Cooling Breath.”

2. Vayu: Winds of Life

• YGYL121 Prana Vayu (Life Wind) | Prāṇa Vāyu (प्राण वायु)

  Prāṇa Vāyu means “life wind” in Sanskrit, and is one of the five Vayus (currents of life force energy). It specifically governs upward movement, related to functions such as breathing, swallowing, and reception (intake of sensory information and food).

• YGYL122 Apana Vayu (Downward Wind) | Apāna Vāyu (अपान वायु)

  Apāna Vāyu means “downward-moving wind” in Sanskrit, and is one of the five Vayus (currents of life force energy). It specifically governs downward movement, related to functions such as excretion, childbirth, menstruation, and the expulsion of waste.

• YGYL123 Vayu (Wind) | Vāyu (वायु)

  Vāyu means “wind” or “air” in Sanskrit. It refers to the currents of life force energy (Prana) that govern specific physiological and mental functions within the body. There are five main Vayus.

• YGYL124 Water Element | Jala (जल)

  Jala means “water” in Sanskrit. It represents the element of Water, which is characterized by qualities of fluidity, coherence, and flow. It is the principle of connection and lubrication.

• YGYL125 Vyana Vayu (Spreading Wind) | Vyāna Vāyu (व्यान वायु)

  Vyāna Vāyu means “spreading wind” or “pervading wind” in Sanskrit, and is one of the five Vayus (currents of life force energy). It specifically governs movements that spread from the center outwards and throughout the entire body, related to circulation, coordination, and overall bodily integration.

• YGYL126 Nadi (Energy Channel) | Nāḍī (नाडी)

  Nāḍī means “tube, conduit, or channel” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to subtle energy pathways through which Prana (life force energy) flows. It is said that there are between 72,000 and several million Nadis in the body.

• YGYL127 Ida Nadi (Lunar Channel) | Iḍā Nāḍī (इडा नाडी)

  Iḍā means “comfort” or “earth” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three main Nadis (Ida, Pingala, Sushumna), flowing along the left side of the spine and associated with the left nostril. It governs lunar energy (cooling, receptivity, feminine principle, relaxation).

• YGYL128 Pingala Nadi (Solar Channel) | Piṅgalā Nāḍī (पिङ्गला नाडी)

  Piṅgalā means “reddish-brown” or “golden” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three main Nadis (Ida, Pingala, Sushumna), flowing along the right side of the spine and associated with the right nostril. It governs solar energy (heat, activity, masculine principle, vitality).

• YGYL129 Sushumna Nadi (Central Channel) | Suṣumnā Nāḍī (सुषुम्णा नाडी)

  Suṣumnā Nāḍī means “very gracious” or “most kind” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three main Nadis, flowing through the center of the spine, where Ida and Pingala ultimately merge. It is the primary pathway for the ascent of consciousness and spiritual awakening.

• YGYL130 Chakra (Energy Center) | Cakra (चक्र)

  Cakra means “wheel” or “disk” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the major energy centers in the body where Prana (life force energy) is believed to enter, exit, and concentrate. There are said to be seven main Chakras along the spine.

• YGYL131 Kundalini (Coiled Energy) | Kuṇḍalinī ※多義性のため重複記載 (कुण्डलिनी)

  Kuṇḍalinī means “coiled one” or “coiled serpent” in Sanskrit. It refers to the dormant cosmic life energy believed to be coiled at the base of the spine (Muladhara Chakra).

• YGYL132 Ashtanga | Aṣṭāṅga (अष्टाङ्ग)

  Ashtanga is comprised of “aṣṭa” (eight) and “aṅga” (limb), meaning “eight limbs.” It refers to the eightfold path of yoga described in Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, outlining a complete philosophical framework for a yogic life.

3. Mudras and Bandhas

• YGYL133 Mantra (Sacred Chants) | Mantra (मन्त्र)

  Mantra is comprised of “Man” (mind) and “Tra” (tool or instrument) in Sanskrit. It is a sacred sound, word, or phrase used as a tool to focus the mind and produce a specific vibration.

• YGYL134 Gesture of Consciousness | Chin Mudrā (चिन् मुद्रा)

  Chin Mudrā means “seal of consciousness” in Sanskrit. It is a hand Mudra where the tips of the index finger and thumb touch, with the remaining fingers extended.

• YGYL135 Spanda (Vibration) | Spanda (स्पन्द)

  Spanda means “vibration,” “pulsation,” or “throb” in Sanskrit. It refers to the fundamental creative pulsation of the universe, or the subtle vibrational energy that constitutes all existence.

• YGYL136 Prana Mudra (Life Force Gesture) | Prāṇa Mudrā (प्राण मुद्रा)

  Prāṇa Mudrā is comprised of “Prāṇa” (life force energy) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a hand gesture where the tips of the thumb, ring finger, and little finger touch, with the index and middle fingers extended. It aims to activate life force energy (Prana) and enhance vitality.

• YGYL137 Apana Mudra (Purification Gesture) | Apāna Mudrā (अपान मुद्रा)

  Apāna Mudrā is comprised of “Apāna” (descending Prana) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a hand gesture where the tips of the thumb, middle finger, and ring finger touch, with the index and little fingers extended. It aims to eliminate impurities from the body and promote purification.

• YGYL138 Tejas (Inner Radiance) | Tejas (तेजस्)

  Tejas is a Sanskrit term meaning “fire” or “radiance”. It represents the subtle aspect of Agni (the digestive fire) , manifesting as our “inner brilliance,” “vitality,” and “mental clarity”. It is the inner light that fuels our consciousness and purpose.

• YGYL139 Ojas (Vital Essence) | Ojas (ओजस्)

  Ojas means “vital essence” or “life’s vitality” in Sanskrit. It is the most subtle energy that governs mind-body health, immunity, mental strength, and a state of bliss. It is considered the ultimate reservoir of our life force and spiritual strength.

• YGYL140 Tri Bandha (Three Locks) | Tri Bandha (त्रि बन्ध)

  Tri means “three,” and Bandha means “lock” or “seal.” Tri Bandha is the unified energetic field created when Mūla Bandha, Uḍḍīyāna Bandha, and Jālandhara Bandha are engaged together — not as three separate actions performed in sequence, but as a single, integrated current of awareness moving through the entire axis of the body.

• YGYL141 Hasta Mudra (Hand Gesture) | Hasta Mudrā (हस्त मुद्रा)

  Hasta Mudrā is comprised of “Hasta” (hand) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a general term for hand gestures, where specific finger placements and hand shapes are used to regulate energy flow and focus consciousness.

• YGYL142 Ahimsa Mudra (Non-Violence Gesture) | Ahiṃsā Mudrā (अहिंसा मुद्रा)

  Ahiṃsā Mudrā is comprised of “Ahiṃsā” (non-violence) and “Mudrā” (seal). It is a gesture, often with specific finger and hand configurations that may vary by lineage, intended to embody the principle of non-violence and radiate peace and harmony internally and externally.

• YGYL143 Viparita Karani Mudra (Inverting Seal) | Viparīta Karaṇī Mudrā (विपरीत करणी मुद्रा)

  Viparīta Karaṇī Mudrā means “inverting seal” in Sanskrit. It refers to a practice of inverting the flow of energy and fluids in the body. While it is often used interchangeably with Legs-Up-The-Wall Pose (Viparīta Karaṇī), this term emphasizes the energetic sealing aspect of the practice.

• YGYL144 Gesture of Centering | Yoni Mudrā (योनि मुद्रा)

  Yoni Mudrā is a symbolic gesture that represents the womb, the source of all creation. It is a powerful tool for promoting introspection and a return to inner stillness by directing awareness away from the external world.

4. Shatkarmas (Purification Techniques)

• YGYL145 Shatkarma (Six Actions) | Ṣaṭkarma (षट्कर्म)

  Ṣaṭkarma is comprised of “Ṣaṭ” (six) and “Karma” (action, deed). It refers to six main purification techniques in the Hatha Yoga tradition, aimed at cleansing the mind and body and regulating the flow of Prana (life force energy).

• YGYL146 Neti (Nasal Cleansing) | Netī (नेती)

  Netī means “nasal cleansing” in Sanskrit. It is a Hatha Yoga purification technique for cleansing the nasal passages and clearing the breath. It mainly includes “Jala Neti” (water cleansing) and “Sutra Neti” (thread cleansing).

• YGYL147 Jala Neti (Water Cleansing) | Jala Netī (जल नेती)

  Jala Netī is comprised of “Jala” (water) and “Netī” (nasal cleansing). It is a purification technique where a Neti pot and warm saline solution are used to cleanse the nasal passages by pouring water into one nostril and letting it flow out the other.

• YGYL148 Sutra Neti (Thread Cleansing) | Sūtra Netī (सूत्र नेती)

  Sūtra Netī is comprised of “Sūtra” (thread, string) and “Netī” (nasal cleansing). It is an advanced purification technique where a thin waxed cotton thread or surgical catheter is inserted through one nostril and pulled out through the mouth to cleanse the nasal passages.

• YGYL149 Drishti (Gazing Point) | Dṛṣṭi (दृष्टि)

  Dṛṣṭi means “gaze,” “fixed gaze,” or “sight” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to a specific point of focus or gaze consciously maintained during asana (poses) or meditation.

• YGYL150 Tattva Shuddhi (Element Purification) | Tattva Śuddhi (तत्त्व शुद्धि)

  Tattva Śuddhi means “purification of the elements” in Sanskrit. It is an advanced purification technique aimed at cleansing the five great elements (Bhutas) that constitute the body and mind.

• YGYL151 Dhauti (Internal Cleansing) | Dhauti (धौति)

  Dhauti means “washing” or “cleansing” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Shatkarmas (purification techniques), a cleansing method for purifying the digestive tract (especially the esophagus and stomach) and removing toxins from the body.

• YGYL152 Basti (Colon Cleansing) | Basti (बस्ति)

  Basti means “bladder” or “colon cleansing” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Shatkarmas (purification techniques), a cleansing method for purifying the large intestine and expelling waste and toxins from the body. It resembles modern enemas.

• YGYL153 Cleansing Breath | Kapālabhāti (कपालभाति)

  Kapālabhāti, meaning “skull shining breath,” is a pump-like breathing technique characterized by forceful, short exhalations and natural inhalations. This practice is also classified as a purification technique (Shatkarma).

• YGYL154 Nauli (Abdominal Churning) | Nauli (नौलि)

  Nauli is derived from a Sanskrit word meaning “to churn a boat.” It is an advanced Shatkarma (purification technique) that involves isolating and manipulating the rectus abdominis muscles to churn and massage the entire abdomen in a wave-like motion.

• YGYL155 Kriya (Cleansing Action) | Kriyā (क्रिया)

  Kriyā means “action, deed, or cleansing act” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to a general term for specific techniques and practices aimed at purifying the mind and body and clearing energy channels. Shatkarma (the six purification techniques) is a type of Kriya.

• YGYL156 Digestive Fire | Agni (अग्नि)

  Agni means “fire” in Sanskrit. In Ayurveda, it refers to the “digestive fire” that metabolizes food, information, and emotions, converting them into energy.

5. Diet and Nutrition

• YGYL157 Ayurveda | Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद)

  Āyurveda is comprised of “Āyus” (life, longevity) and “Veda” (knowledge, science). It is a traditional system of medicine originating in India, a holistic science of life aimed at promoting mind-body health and longevity.

• YGYL158 Dosha (Constitutional Type) | Doṣa (दोष)

  Doṣa means “fault” or “imbalance” in Sanskrit, but in Ayurveda, it refers to the three life energies (Vata, Pitta, Kapha) that determine an individual’s mind-body characteristics.

• YGYL159 Vata (Air and Ether) | Vāta (वात)

  Vāta means “wind” or “that which moves” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, composed of the ether and air elements. It governs movement, change, creativity, and the nervous system.

• YGYL160 Pitta (Fire and Water) | Pitta (पित्त)

  Pitta means “heat” or “bile” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, composed of the fire and water elements. It governs metabolism, digestion, transformation, and intelligence.

• YGYL161 Kapha (Water and Earth) | Kapha (कफ)

  Kapha means “phlegm” or “that which binds” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three Doshas in Ayurveda, composed of the water and earth elements. It governs structure, stability, lubrication, and immunity.

• YGYL162 Sattva (Purity, Goodness) | Sattva (सत्त्व)

  Sattva means “purity,” “goodness,” or “light” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three Guṇas — the fundamental qualities that govern all of nature in Sāṃkhya philosophy. In practical terms, Sattva is the quality that manifests as clarity, lightness, harmony, and ease — the felt sense of being well, clean, and aligned from the inside out.

• YGYL163 Rajas (Activity, Passion) | Rajas (रजस्)

  Rajas means “activity,” “passion,” or “movement” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three Gunas (qualities) in Samkhya philosophy, referring to qualities associated with action, change, excitement, and desire.

• YGYL164 Tamas (Inertia, Darkness) | Tamas (तमस्)

  Tamas means “inactivity,” “darkness,” or “heaviness” in Sanskrit. It is one of the three Gunas (qualities) in Samkhya philosophy, referring to qualities associated with stagnation, lethargy, ignorance, and weight.

• YGYL165 Pranic Food (Life-Giving Food) | *

  Pranic Food refers to foods that “give Prana (life force energy).” It designates fresh, vital, and natural foods.

• YGYL166 Ama (Toxins) | Āma (आम)

  Āma means “undigested” or “unripe” in Sanskrit. In Ayurveda, it refers to undigested toxins and waste products accumulated in the body due to improper digestion or metabolism.

• YGYL167 Fasting | Upavāsa (उपवास)

  Upavāsa means “sitting near, drawing near to the sacred” in Sanskrit. It refers to abstaining from food for a certain period. In Yoga and Ayurveda, it is practiced not only for physical purification but also to enhance mental concentration and self-discipline.

• YGYL168 Macrobiotic | *

  Macrobiotic is comprised of “Macro” (large, long) and “Bios” (life). It refers to a traditional dietary and lifestyle approach based on East Asian yin-yang philosophy, primarily focusing on whole grains, vegetables, and seaweeds.

6. Meditation and States of Mind

• YGYL169 Meditation | Dhyāna (ध्यान)

  Dhyāna means “contemplation,” “concentration,” or “meditation” in Sanskrit. It refers to the practice of focusing the mind on a single point, quieting the fluctuations of thought, and attaining inner stillness and clarity.

• YGYL170 Dharana (Yogic Concentration Technique) | Dhāraṇā (धारणा)

  Dharana means “holding,” “concentration,” or “fixing” in Sanskrit. It is a yogic technique of focusing the mind on a single object or idea, and maintaining that focus with stability. As one of the Eight Limbs of Yoga, it refers specifically to the disciplined practice of mental fixation.

• YGYL171 Samadhi (Enlightenment, Union) | Samādhi (समाधि)

  Samādhi means “union,” “integration,” or “placing together” in Sanskrit. It is the eighth and final limb of Patañjali’s Aṣṭāṅga Yoga — the ultimate destination of the yogic path, where the practitioner, the act of meditation, and the object of meditation dissolve into a single, undivided awareness. The boundary between self and universe ceases to be perceived.

• YGYL172 Mindfulness | Smṛti (स्मृति)

  Smṛti means “memory,” “recollection,” or “that which is remembered” in Sanskrit. In the context of Yoga and contemplative practice, it has come to represent the quality of sustained, present-moment awareness — the capacity to remember, again and again, to return to what is actually happening now. *Note: The more direct Sanskrit-Pāli root of “Mindfulness” as a modern concept is Sati (Pāli: सति) — the term used in Buddhist Vipassanā tradition to denote bare, non-reactive awareness of present experience. Smṛti is its Sanskrit cognate, carrying the additional nuance of memory and faithful recollection. Both terms illuminate different facets of the same essential quality.*

• YGYL173 Vipassana (Insight Meditation) | Vipaśyanā (विपश्यना)

  Vipaśyanā means “insight” or “seeing things as they are” in Sanskrit (derived from Pali’s Vipassanā). It is a Buddhist meditation technique that aims to gain insight into the true nature of phenomena and attain liberation from suffering by objectively observing bodily sensations and mental activities.

• YGYL174 Om (Primordial Sound) | Oṃ (ॐ)

  Oṃ is the primordial sound of the universe, representing the ultimate reality and the source of all creation. It is considered the sound of existence itself.

• YGYL175 Equanimity | Upekṣā (उपेक्षा)

  Upekṣā means “equanimity,” “indifference,” or “impartiality” in Sanskrit. It is a state of mind that remains undisturbed by external circumstances or emotional fluctuations (such as joy or sorrow, praise or blame), maintaining inner peace and balance.

• YGYL176 Thought | Vṛtti (वृत्ति)

  Vṛtti means “revolution,” “wave,” or “mental modification” in Sanskrit. In Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras, it refers to all mental fluctuations that arise on the surface of the mind, including thoughts, emotions, memories, and perceptions.

• YGYL177 Consciousness | Cit (चित्) / Citta (चित्त)

  Cit means “pure consciousness” or “intelligence” in Sanskrit. Citta means “mind,” “spirit,” or “field of consciousness.” In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the foundational aspect of existence, the universal consciousness that underlies all experience.

• YGYL178 Subconscious Mind (Samskara/Vasana) | Saṃskāra/ Vāsanā (संस्कार / वासना)

  Saṃskāra means “impression, latent tendency,” and Vāsanā means “latent desire, inclination” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the deeper part of the mind, formed by past experiences, thoughts, and actions, which influences our behavior and emotions without being consciously present.

• YGYL179 Witness Consciousness | Sākṣī (साक्षी)

  Sākṣī means “witness” in Sanskrit. It refers to the aspect of pure awareness that passively observes thoughts, emotions, and actions without becoming involved in them.

• YGYL180 Sense of Separation | Dvaita (द्वैत) / Bheda (भेद)

  Dvaita means “duality, being two,” and Bheda means “separation, distinction” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the perception that oneself is separate from others, the universe, or that mind and matter are distinct.

7. Spiritual Exploration and Self-Realization

• YGYL181 Enlightenment | Mokṣa (मोक्ष)

  Enlightenment, expressed in Sanskrit as Mokṣa, points to the process and progressive unfolding of liberation — the gradual illumination of what was previously obscured by ignorance, conditioning, and the illusion of a separate self. It is not a single moment of arrival, but a deepening: layer by layer, the veils lift, and what was always true becomes increasingly visible.

• YGYL182 Self-Realization | Ātma-jñāna (आत्म-ज्ञान)

  Ātma-jñāna means “knowledge of the Ātman” or “realization of the true self” in Sanskrit — from *Ātman* (the universal self, pure consciousness) and *jñāna* (direct knowing). Self-Realization is not the accumulation of information about the self, but the direct, experiential recognition of what one fundamentally is: consciousness itself, prior to body, mind, thought, and identity.

• YGYL183 Spiritual | Ādhyātmika (आध्यात्मिक)

  Ādhyātmika means “pertaining to the self” or “spiritual” in Sanskrit. It refers to the realm of inner exploration that transcends material aspects, encompassing connection to the soul, consciousness, the cosmos, and the deeper meaning of human existence.

• YGYL184 Transformation of Consciousness | Citta Vṛtti Pariṇāma (चित्त वृत्ति परिणाम)

  Citta Vṛtti Pariṇāma means “transformation of mental modifications” or “evolution of consciousness” in Sanskrit. It refers to the process through which consciousness evolves to a higher, purer state, transcending the fluctuations of superficial thoughts and emotions, through Yoga practice.

• YGYL185 Higher Consciousness (Turiya) | Turīya (तुरीय)

  Turīya means “the fourth” in Sanskrit. In Yoga and Vedanta philosophy, it refers to the “fourth state of consciousness” that transcends the three ordinary states of waking, dreaming, and deep sleep, denoting pure consciousness or universal consciousness.

• YGYL186 Cosmic Consciousness (Brahman) | Brahman (ब्रह्मन्)

  Brahman means “expansion” or “growth” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the ultimate reality or universal consciousness that pervades the cosmos, transcending time, space, and causality.

• YGYL187 Cosmic Energy | *

  Cosmic Energy refers to the fundamental, invisible energy that pervades the entire universe and sustains all life activities and phenomena. It is deeply related to the Yoga concept of Prana (life force energy).

• YGYL188 Vibration (Spanda) | Spanda (स्पन्द)

  Spanda means “vibration,” “pulsation,” or “throb” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, particularly in Kashmir Shaivism, it refers to the fundamental creative pulsation of the universe, or the subtle vibrational energy that constitutes all existence.

• YGYL189 Mahasamadhi (Great Samadhi) | Mahāsamādhi (महासमाधि)

  Mahāsamādhi is comprised of “Mahā” (great) and “Samādhi” (union). It refers to the final departure of a Yoga saint or an enlightened being, where the physical body is completely relinquished, and consciousness fully merges with universal consciousness.

• YGYL190 Inner Exploration | Antar Mārga (अन्तर मार्ग)

  Antar Mārga means “inner path” in Sanskrit. It refers to the process of directing awareness inward, away from the external world and material things, to explore one’s true nature, the depths of consciousness, and the connection to the cosmos.

• YGYL191 Self-awareness | Sva-jñāna (स्व-ज्ञान)

  Sva-jñāna means “knowledge of oneself” in Sanskrit — from *Sva* (one’s own, personal) and *jñāna* (knowing). Where Ātma-jñāna points to the ultimate recognition of the universal self, Sva-jñāna refers to the ongoing, intimate practice of self-observation: the willingness to look honestly at one’s own thoughts, emotions, patterns, reactions, and conditioning — and to know oneself more clearly through that looking.

• YGYL192 Exploration | Anveṣaṇa (अन्वेषण)

  Anveṣaṇa means “exploration,” “research,” or “pursuit” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the act of deeply pursuing one’s inner self, consciousness, and the ultimate truth of the cosmos.

8. Yoga and Modern Life

• YGYL193 Stress Reduction | *

  Stress Reduction refers to methods and strategies for alleviating the excessive mental and physical burden of modern life (stress), and restoring mind-body balance through Yoga practice.

• YGYL194 Sleep Quality | *

  Sleep Quality refers to the degree of mind-body recovery afforded by sleep, encompassing not just duration but also deep sleep sensation, morning freshness, and impact on daytime activity.

• YGYL195 Fatigue Recovery | *

  Fatigue Recovery refers to the process of alleviating physical and mental fatigue and restoring vitality. Yoga promotes effective fatigue recovery by releasing mind-body tension and replenishing energy.

• YGYL196 Hormonal Balance | *

  Hormonal Balance refers to a state where the secretion of hormones, which regulate various physiological functions of the body, is maintained at appropriate levels and rhythms.

• YGYL197 Nervous System | *

  Nervous System refers to the system comprised of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves, which controls and regulates bodily functions, sensations, thoughts, and emotions. Yoga is deeply involved in calming and balancing the nervous system.

• YGYL198 Circulatory System | *

  Circulatory System refers to the system comprised of the heart, blood vessels, and blood, which transports oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body and collects waste products. Yoga activates and promotes the health of this system.

• YGYL199 Respiratory System | *

  Respiratory System refers to the organs involved in breathing (e.g., nose, throat, trachea, lungs). Yoga emphasizes enhancing the function and maintaining the health of this system.

• YGYL200 Autonomic Nervous System | *

  Autonomic Nervous System refers to the part of the nervous system that regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion, and body temperature. It consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

• YGYL201 Alternative Medicine | *

  Alternative Medicine refers to a general term for various approaches and practices, distinct from Western medicine, aimed at diagnosing, treating, and preventing illness. Yoga and Ayurveda can be broadly included in this category.

• YGYL202 Holistic | *

  Holistic is an English word meaning “total” or “comprehensive.” In Yoga and Ayurveda, it refers to an approach that views humans as integrated beings where body, mind, spirit, emotions, and energy are intimately connected, and pursues health and well-being from this perspective of wholeness.

• YGYL203 Sushumna | Suṣumṇā (सुषुम्णा)

  Sushumna is the central energy channel of the subtle body. It is the primary conduit through which the awakened Kundalini energy ascends, uniting the lower and higher chakras. This channel represents the axis of inner light and balance, bridging the dual forces of Ida and Pingala.

• YGYL204 Self-care | *

  Self-care refers to consciously taking care of and nurturing oneself to maintain mind-body health and happiness. It encompasses acts and habits of self-management.

9. Environment and Ethics

• YGYL205 Nature | Prakṛti (प्रकृति)

  Prakṛti means “nature,” “essence,” or “primordial substance” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to all material aspects existing in the universe, that is, the fundamental energy composing the body, mind, emotions, and external phenomena.

• YGYL206 Environmental Protection | *

  Environmental Protection refers to activities and initiatives aimed at protecting the Earth’s natural environment and ecosystems, and utilizing them sustainably. It is deeply related to Yoga’s ethical principles (Yama, Niyama).

• YGYL207 Inner Fire | Agni (अग्नि)

  Agni means “fire” in Sanskrit. It is the sacred, transformative fire that exists both in the external world and within us. It is the “inner fire” of our vitality, digestion, metabolism, and consciousness, and the metaphorical flame that burns away impurities and fuels spiritual progress.

• YGYL208 Tapas (Inner Heat) | Tapaḥ (तपः)

  Tapas is the disciplined cultivation of inner heat—a sustained intensity of practice that burns away impurities and limitations. It reflects the dedicated effort and austerity necessary for transformative spiritual work.

• YGYL209 Primordial Sound | Nāda (नाद)

  Nāda is the subtle, eternal sound that is the fundamental vibration of the universe. It is the vibrational essence of creation itself—the inner music that resonates within all beings and connects them to the universal consciousness.

• YGYL210 Social Contribution | Sevā (सेवा)

  Sevā means “service” or “selfless service” in Sanskrit. It refers to the act of voluntarily contributing time, effort, knowledge, or resources to others or society without expecting anything in return.

• YGYL211 Japa (Repetition of Mantras) | Japa (जप)

  Japa is a Sanskrit term meaning “repetition”. It refers to the meditative practice of repeating a Mantra or a divine name. This can be done silently, whispered, or chanted aloud.

• YGYL212 Ethics | Yama/ Niyama (यम / नियम)

  Yama means “restraints,” and Niyama means “observances” in Sanskrit. They are the first two limbs of Yoga’s Eight Limbs, referring to universal moral and ethical principles for interacting with society and oneself.

• YGYL213 Gratitude | Kṛtajñatā (कृतज्ञता)

  Kṛtajñatā means “gratitude” or “awareness of obligation” in Sanskrit. It refers to a state of mind where one feels sincere joy and appreciation for blessings, benefits received, and everything in life.

• YGYL214 Forgiveness | Kṣamā (क्षमा)

  Kṣamā means “forgiveness,” “patience,” or “tolerance” in Sanskrit. It refers to the process of releasing anger, resentment, and pain towards oneself or others for past mistakes, shortcomings, or hurtful experiences, and liberating the heart.

• YGYL215 Compassion | Karuṇā (करुणा)

  Karuṇā means “compassion,” “sympathy,” or “the wish to alleviate suffering” in Sanskrit. It refers to the state of mind that deeply empathizes with the suffering of others and genuinely desires to alleviate that suffering, or the actions stemming from that desire.

• YGYL216 Empathy | *

  Empathy is an English word meaning “empathy.” It refers to the ability to understand and feel the emotions, thoughts, and experiences of others as if they were one’s own.

1. Mindfulness and Concentration

• YGYL217 Shunya (Emptiness / Spacious Awareness) | Śūnyatā (शून्यता)

  Śūnyatā is not mere nothingness, but a state of profound emptiness or spacious awareness that transcends the mind’s contents. It is the boundless openness in which all phenomena—thoughts, emotions, sensations—arise and dissolve.

• YGYL218 One-Pointed Focus | Ekāgratā (एकाग्रता)

  Ekāgratā means “one-pointed focus” or “single-mindedness.” It describes a state of mind in which awareness is entirely centered on one object without distraction. It is not a technique, but a cultivated mental quality that supports yogic practices such as Dharana and Dhyana.

• YGYL219 Observation | Sākṣin (साक्षिन्)

  Sākṣin means “witness” or “observer” in Sanskrit. In Yoga and Vedanta philosophy, it refers to the act of purely observing thoughts, emotions, sensations, and external events without judgment, as a “pure consciousness.”

• YGYL220 Awareness | Sākṣī (साक्षी)

  Sākṣī means “witness” or “pure observer” in Sanskrit. It refers to the aspect of consciousness that perceives all experience — thoughts, emotions, sensations, and external events — without identification, judgment, or interference. It is awareness in its most essential form: the silent, unchanging presence that watches all things arise and pass.

• YGYL221 Here and Now | *

  “Here and Now” is an English term referring to the present moment and current location. It signifies a state of mind where consciousness is completely focused on the present moment, free from past regrets or future anxieties.

• YGYL222 Breath Awareness | Anapana (आनापान)

  Anapana means “in-breath and out-breath” in Sanskrit (Pali). It refers to the meditative practice of focusing awareness on the sensation of breath entering and leaving the body, observing it objectively.

• YGYL223 Thought Observation | Vṛtti Darśana (वृत्ति दर्शन)

  Vṛtti Darśana means “observation of mental modifications” in Sanskrit. In meditative practice, it refers to the act of objectively observing thoughts, images, memories, and other mental phenomena as they arise in the mind, without judgment or emotional reaction.

• YGYL224 Emotional Acceptance | Tathatā (तथाता)

  Tathatā means “suchness” or “thusness” in Sanskrit — the quality of things being exactly as they are, without addition, subtraction, or resistance. Applied to emotional life, it refers to the practice of meeting whatever arises within – joy, grief, fear, anger — with complete, non-reactive presence. Not suppression, not indulgence, but clear-eyed acknowledgment: *this is what is here, now.* *Note: Kṣamā (क्षमा), meaning forgiveness and patience, is a closely related quality — see YGYL214. Where Kṣamā involves an active gesture of release toward oneself or others, Tathatā is the prior ground: the willingness to simply see what is, before any response arises.*

• YGYL225 Body Sensation | Vedanā (वेदना)

  Vedanā means “sensation,” “feeling,” or “pain” in Sanskrit (a Buddhist term). In Yoga, it refers to all physical sensations arising within the body, such as pain, heat, coldness, vibration, or tingling.

• YGYL226 Nirodha (Cessation of Mind Fluctuations) | Nirodhaḥ (निरोधः)

  Nirodhaḥ means “cessation,” “restraint,” or “stilling” in Sanskrit. It refers to the practice of quieting the mental fluctuations (Vṛtti) that arise in the mind, leading to a state of profound stillness and mental calm.

• YGYL227 Unification of Mind (Mental Integration) | Samādhi (समाधि)

  Unification of Mind refers to the psychological dimension of Samādhi — the lived, inner experience of mental integration in which all fragmentation, distraction, and internal conflict resolve into coherent stillness. Where the mind was once scattered across past and future, memory and anticipation, it becomes wholly present, wholly gathered, wholly one.

• YGYL228 Expansion of Consciousness | Cid-ānanda (चिदानन्द)

  Cid-ānanda means “consciousness and bliss” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the state where individual, limited consciousness merges with universal cosmic consciousness, expanding into an infinite state.

2. Mental Calmness and Stress Management

• YGYL229 Inner Peace (Mental Calmness) | Śānti (शान्ति)

  Śānti means “peace,” “tranquility,” or “serenity” in Sanskrit. It refers to a state where the mind is calm and stable, free from inner turmoil or distress. It signifies a deep inner harmony that is independent of external circumstances.

• YGYL230 Stress Management | *

  Stress Management refers to the conscious use of practices and perspectives drawn from Yoga to reduce, reframe, and ultimately transform the experience of stress. While no single Sanskrit term directly translates to “stress management” as a modern construct, the classical tradition addresses its root causes through the regulation of Prāṇa (life force), the stilling of mental fluctuations (Chitta Vṛtti Nirodha), and the cultivation of equanimity (Samabhāva). *Note: Yoga-yukta (योगयुक्त), sometimes associated with this concept, means “one who is integrated through Yoga” — a state of being rather than a technique. It describes the natural outcome of sustained practice: a person no longer destabilized by external pressures.*

• YGYL231 Yogic Sleep | Yoga Nidrā (योग निद्रा)

  Yoga Nidrā, or “yogic sleep,” is a state of conscious deep relaxation. The body enters a state of profound rest, while the mind and awareness remain awake and alert. It is a powerful practice for rejuvenation and accessing the subconscious mind.

• YGYL232 Klesha (Afflictions) | Klesha (क्लेश)

  Klesha is a Sanskrit term meaning “affliction,” “pain,” or “poison.” It refers to the five mental and emotional obstacles that are considered the root cause of all human suffering.

• YGYL233 Fear | Bhaya (भय)

  Bhaya means “fear” or “terror” in Sanskrit. It refers to the primal emotional response to perceived danger, threat, or uncertainty — an instinctive contraction of the mind and body in the face of what is unknown or unwanted. *Note: Bhaya is closely related to Abhiniveśa, the fifth Klesha (affliction) in Yoga philosophy, which specifically denotes the deep-rooted fear of death and clinging to life. While Abhiniveśa points to existential fear as a philosophical concept, Bhaya encompasses fear in its broader, everyday expression.*

• YGYL234 Anger | Krodha (क्रोध)

  Krodha means “anger” or “fury” in Sanskrit. It refers to a strong feeling of displeasure or hostility that arises in the mind in response to dissatisfaction, injustice, or threat.

• YGYL235 Sadness | Śoka (शोक)

  Śoka means “sadness,” “grief,” or “sorrow” in Sanskrit. It refers to a deep feeling of loneliness or disappointment that arises in response to loss, disappointment, or pain.

• YGYL236 Attachment (Raga) | Rāga (राग)

  Rāga means “affection,” “attachment,” “desire,” or “passion” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Kleshas (afflictions) in Yoga philosophy, referring to a state of mind where one clings strongly to a specific object (material things, people, thoughts, emotions, outcomes, etc.) and finds it difficult to let go.

• YGYL237 Letting Go (Vairagya) | Vairāgya (वैराग्य)

  Vairāgya means “non-attachment,” “detachment,” or “absence of passion” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the practice of releasing attachment to specific objects, outcomes, past events, future expectations, or even one’s own thoughts and emotions, thereby becoming free from them.

• YGYL238 Acceptance | Tathatā (तथाता)

  Tathatā means “as-isness,” “suchness,” or “truthfulness” in Sanskrit (a Buddhist term). In Yoga, it refers to the state of mind and practice of accepting oneself, others, and life situations as they are, without judgment.

• YGYL239 Patience | Kṣanti (क्षान्ति)

  Kṣanti means “patience,” “tolerance,” or “endurance” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the mental quality of maintaining calmness and perseverance without haste through difficult situations, uncomfortable emotions, or long processes towards achieving goals.

• YGYL240 Serenity (Calmness) | Praśānta (प्रशान्त)

  Praśānta means “completely quiet,” “very calm,” or “peaceful” in Sanskrit. It refers to a state where the mind is deeply quiet and peaceful, undisturbed by mental waves. It is a state of inner stability and harmony unaffected by external stimuli.

3. Self-awareness and Growth

• YGYL241 Chit (Pure Consciousness) | Chit (चित्)

  Chit is the unchanging, pure awareness that is the background of all existence. It is the conscious principle that illuminates all experiences, thoughts, and sensations without being changed by them. It is the “witnessing presence” that simply is.

• YGYL242 Growth (Development) | Vikāsa (विकास)

  Vikāsa means “development,” “blossoming,” or “expansion” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the process of progressing to a better state and unfolding one’s potential in physical, mental, and spiritual aspects.

• YGYL243 Self-acceptance | Svīkāra (स्वीकार)

  Svīkāra means “acceptance,” “acknowledgment,” or “assent” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the state of mind and practice of affirming and accepting oneself as one is—including strengths and weaknesses, successes and failures, past and present—without judgment.

• YGYL244 Transformation | Parivartana (परिवर्तन)

  Parivartana means “change,” “conversion,” or “transformation” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the process through which one’s inner consciousness, behavioral patterns, and way of life fundamentally change into a higher state.

• YGYL245 Pratyahara (Withdrawal of the Senses) | Pratyāhāra (प्रत्याहार)

  Pratyāhāra means “withdrawal of the senses” or “turning sensory organs inward” in Sanskrit. It is the fifth limb of Yoga’s Eight Limbs, referring to the practice of drawing awareness away from external sensory stimuli and deeply examining one’s inner self.

• YGYL246 Self-inquiry | Ātma-vicāra (आत्म-विचार)

  Ātma-vicāra means “inquiry into the self” or “investigation of the self” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the practice of deeply questioning “Who am I?” to directly realize the nature of the true self (Atman).

• YGYL247 Purpose | Dharma (धर्म) – (related as “life’s purpose, duty”)

  Purpose is an English word meaning “aim,” “goal,” or “significance.” It refers to the fundamental reason or direction of one’s actions and existence, what an individual wishes to achieve or live for in life.

• YGYL248 Atman (True Self, Soul) | Ātman (आत्मन्)

  Ātman means “self,” “soul,” or “essence” in Sanskrit. It refers to the unchanging and pure essential being of an individual, distinct from the transient body, mind, and ego. It is considered identical with universal cosmic consciousness (Brahman).

• YGYL249 Inner Radiance | Antarjyoti (अन्तर्ज्योति)

  Inner Radiance refers to the inner spiritual light or glow that emanates from one’s true nature, beyond the ego and mental fluctuations. It represents the soul’s inherent purity, clarity, and vibrancy.

• YGYL250 Ignorance (Spiritual Ignorance) | Avidyā (अविद्या)

  Avidyā means “ignorance,” “misconception,” or “misunderstanding” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the fundamental misunderstanding of not recognizing the truth that the true self (Atman) is one with universal consciousness (Brahman), and instead identifying oneself with the body, mind, and ego.

• YGYL251 Truth (Sat) | Sat (सत्)

  Sat means “existence,” “reality,” or “truth” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the universal, unchanging ultimate reality or truth itself, transcending time, space, and change.

• YGYL252 Wisdom | Buddhi (बुद्धि)

  Buddhi means “intellect,” “discernment,” or “wisdom” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the ability to perceive the true nature of things, distinguishing between truth and untruth, good and evil, and the permanent and the temporary, beyond mere accumulation of knowledge.

4. Human Relations and Communication

• YGYL253 Human Relations | Sambandha (सम्बन्ध)

  Sambandha means “connection,” “relationship,” or “bond” in Sanskrit. It refers to the various connections and interactions between individuals within society and community.

• YGYL254 Communication | Saṃvāda (संवाद)

  Saṃvāda means “dialogue,” “conversation,” or “mutual understanding” in Sanskrit. It refers to the process of conveying thoughts, feelings, and information between individuals, and actively listening to receive them.

• YGYL255 Listening | Śravaṇa (श्रवण)

  Śravaṇa means “listening” or “hearing” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the practice of attentively listening to spiritual teachings (Guru’s words, scriptures) and also to the inner voice of oneself and others, beyond mere auditory perception.

• YGYL256 Self-expression | Abhivyakti (अभिव्यक्ति)

  Abhivyakti means “expression,” “manifestation,” or “bringing forth from within” in Sanskrit — from *abhi* (toward, outward) and *vyakti* (appearance, individuality). It captures the active movement of inner reality into outer form: the authentic expression of one’s thoughts, emotions, creativity, and true self through speech, movement, art, or action. *Note: Vyakti (व्यक्ति), the root of this term, means “individual” or “person” — the unique being from whom expression originates. Together, Abhivyakti and Vyakti reflect the relationship between the self and its outward manifestation.*

• YGYL257 Boundaries | Maryādā (मर्यादा)

  Maryādā means “limit,” “boundary,” or “respectful conduct” in Sanskrit. In a psychological and relational context, it refers to the emotional, physical, and mental limits individuals set to define themselves and maintain healthy interactions with others.

• YGYL258 Trust | Śraddhā (श्रद्धा)

  Śraddhā means “faith,” “trust,” or “confidence” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to a deep inner conviction and trust in oneself, in the teachings of Yoga, in the instructor, and in a higher power or the universe.

• YGYL259 Friendliness (Maitri) | Maitrī (मैत्री)

  Friendliness or Loving-Kindness refers to a heartfelt attitude of goodwill, warmth, and the sincere wish for others to be happy. Maitrī embodies a spirit of universal friendliness extended toward all beings, without discrimination.

• YGYL260 Conflict (Dvandva) | Dvandva (द्वन्द्व)

  Dvandva means “duality,” “pair of opposites,” or “conflict” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the pairs of opposites that arise in the mind and in life (e.g., pleasure/pain, hot/cold, success/failure), often leading to inner or outer conflict.

• YGYL261 Reconciliation | Saṃdhāna (संधान)

  Saṃdhāna means “joining,” “union,” or “reconciliation” in Sanskrit. In a relational context, it refers to the process of restoring harmony and understanding after conflict, seeking resolution and renewed connection.

• YGYL262 Cooperation | Sahakārya (सहकार्य)

  Sahakārya means “cooperation” or “working together” in Sanskrit. It refers to individuals collaborating and supporting each other towards a common goal or for mutual benefit.

• YGYL263 Teamwork | Samaṣṭi (समष्टि) – (related to collectivity, totality)

  Samaṣṭi means “collectivity” or “totality” in Sanskrit. Teamwork refers to the collaborative effort of a group to achieve a common goal, where individuals work together, combining their skills and efforts.

• YGYL264 Leadership | Nīti (नीति) – (related to guidance, policy, ethics)

  Nīti means “guidance,” “policy,” or “ethics” in Sanskrit. Leadership refers to the ability to guide and influence a group or organization towards achieving a common vision or goal, often involving inspiration, clear communication, and ethical conduct.

5. Self-Esteem and Confidence

• YGYL265 Self-Efficacy | *

  Self-Efficacy refers to the belief in one’s own capacity to succeed in specific situations or accomplish a task.

• YGYL266 Confidence | Dhṛti (धृति)

  Dhṛti means “firm resolve,” “steadfastness,” or “confidence” in Sanskrit. It refers to a state of mind where one trusts their own abilities and judgment, possessing unwavering conviction towards achieving goals.

• YGYL267 Antar Mouna (Inner Silence / Witnessing Awareness) | Antar Mouna (अन्तर मौन)

  Antar Mouna literally means “inner silence.” It is a meditative technique of observing the mind’s constant stream of thoughts, sensations, and emotions without becoming involved in them, ultimately leading to a state of profound inner stillness.

• YGYL268 Shakti (Divine Energy / Empowerment) | Śakti (शक्ति)

  Śakti is the primordial cosmic energy, the dynamic, creative, and feminine force of the universe. It is the power that animates all of existence, manifesting as creation, preservation, and transformation. It is the embodiment of divine empowerment.

• YGYL269 Positive Self-Talk | Maṅgala-bhāva (मङ्गल-भाव)

  Maṅgala-bhāva means “auspicious feeling” or “positive disposition” in Sanskrit. Positive Self-Talk refers to the practice of consciously using encouraging, optimistic, and self-affirming internal dialogue to challenge negative thoughts and promote a healthy mindset.

• YGYL270 Perfectionism | *

  Perfectionism refers to a personality trait characterized by striving for flawlessness and setting excessively high standards, often accompanied by overly critical self-evaluations.

• YGYL271 Comparison | *

  Comparison refers to the act of evaluating oneself, one’s achievements, or one’s circumstances against others.

• YGYL272 Failure | *

  Failure refers to the non-achievement of a desired goal or outcome, or a perceived lack of success.

• YGYL273 Success | Siddhi (सिद्धि)

  Siddhi means “perfection,” “accomplishment,” or “attainment” in Sanskrit. In its classical and tantric usage, Siddhi specifically refers to extraordinary powers or capacities — such as heightened perception, mastery over the body, or expanded states of consciousness — said to arise as byproducts of deep, sustained yogic practice. *Note: In contemporary Yoga, Siddhi is often used more broadly to denote any meaningful attainment or fruition of practice — inner or outer. This reflects a natural evolution of the term, though practitioners encountering classical texts should be aware of its original, more specific meaning.*

• YGYL274 Sacred Speech | Vāk (वाक्)

  Vāk is the yogic understanding of speech as a sacred and divine force. It is the power of language and sound that gives form to consciousness and shapes reality through vibration and intention.

• YGYL275 Challenge | Parīkṣā (परीक्षा)

  Parīkṣā means “test,” “trial,” or “challenge” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to actively engaging with difficult situations or tasks to transcend one’s perceived limits and acquire new abilities or understanding.

• YGYL276 Practice (Abhyasa) | Abhyāsa (अभ्यास)

  Abhyāsa means “practice,” “persistent effort,” or “repetition” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the continuous engagement in all aspects of the Yoga path, including asana, pranayama, meditation, and philosophical study.

6. Core Philosophical Concepts

• YGYL277 Philosophy (Darshana) | Darśana (दर्शन)

  Darśana means “seeing,” “perspective,” or “viewpoint” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to a systematic viewpoint or theory for understanding the world, existence, and truth.

• YGYL278 Satya Yuga (Age of Truth and Purity) | Satya Yuga (सत्य युग)

  Satya Yuga is the “Age of Truth,” the first and most spiritually pure era in the Hindu cyclical framework of time. It is a golden age characterized by harmony, peace, truthfulness, and perfect alignment with Dharma (righteousness).

• YGYL279 Purusharthas (Four Aims of Life) | Puruṣārtha (पुरुषार्थ)

  Purusharthas is a concept in Yoga and Hindu philosophy referring to the four main goals or aims of human life: Dharma (righteous conduct), Artha (prosperity), Kama (desire), and Moksha (liberation).

• YGYL280 Consistent Meditation | *

  Consistent meditation refers to the practice of maintaining a regular, disciplined, and persistent habit of meditation, rather than meditating sporadically. It is the ongoing, unwavering effort to cultivate inner stillness and awareness.

• YGYL281 Guna (Quality, Attribute) | Guṇa (गुण)

  Guṇa means “quality,” “attribute,” or “constituent” in Sanskrit. In Samkhya and Yoga philosophy, it refers to the three fundamental attributes (Sattva, Rajas, Tamas) that compose the material world (Prakriti).

• YGYL282 Sattva (Purity, Harmony) | Sattva (सत्त्व)

  Sattva is one of the three Guṇas – alongside Rajas (activity, passion) and Tamas (inertia, density) — the fundamental threads woven through all of manifest existence in Sāṃkhya philosophy. At the level of consciousness, Sattva represents the quality of pure intelligence, luminosity, and undistorted perception: the mind as a clear mirror, reflecting reality without distortion.

• YGYL283 Bindu (Point of Origin / Seed of Energy) | Bindu (बिन्दु)

  Bindu means “point” or “dot” in Sanskrit. It symbolizes the point of origin of creation, the subtle, concentrated source from which all sound, form, and consciousness emerge. It is the microcosmic essence of the macrocosm.

• YGYL284 Spiritual Force | Kuṇḍalinī (कुण्डलिनी)

  Kuṇḍalinī, meaning “coiled one” or “coiled serpent,” refers to the dormant, divine spiritual energy believed to be coiled three and a half times at the base of the spine. It is the ultimate source of spiritual power and the latent potential for self-realization that resides within every individual.

• YGYL285 Karma (Action, Deed) | Karma (कर्मन्)

  Karma means “action,” “deed,” or “result” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to all physical, mental, and verbal actions and their consequences. It is a central concept of the cosmic law of Karma, where “good actions lead to good results, and bad actions lead to bad results.”

• YGYL286 Dharma (Righteous Conduct, Duty) | Dharma (धर्म)

  Dharma means “law,” “righteousness,” “duty,” “right way of living,” or “cosmic order” in Sanskrit. It refers to an individual’s role or duty in this world, or the universal truth and laws that sustain the entire cosmos.

• YGYL287 Samsara (Cycle of Rebirth) | Saṃsāra (संसार)

  Saṃsāra means “flow,” “reincarnation,” or “transmigration” in Sanskrit. It refers to the phenomenal world and the cycle itself, where beings repeatedly experience birth, death, and rebirth within a cycle of suffering.

• YGYL288 Moksha (Liberation, Freedom) | Mokṣa (मोक्ष)

  Mokṣa means “liberation,” “release,” or “freedom” in Sanskrit — from the root *muc*, to release. It refers to the ultimate state of complete and irreversible freedom: freedom from the cycle of Saṃsāra (death and rebirth), from the grip of Karma, from the suffering born of ignorance, and from the fundamental misidentification of the self with what is transient. It is not freedom from the world, but freedom within it — the natural condition of a consciousness that has seen through all illusion.

7. Ethics and Action

• YGYL289 Ethics (Moral Principles) | Nīti (नीति)

  Nīti means “guidance,” “policy,” or “moral conduct” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the moral and ethical principles that guide one’s actions, thoughts, and speech, forming the foundation for a virtuous life.

• YGYL290 Ahimsa (Non-violence) | Ahiṃsā (अहिंसा)

  Ahiṃsā means “non-harming,” “non-violence,” or “non-injury” in Sanskrit. It is the first and most fundamental of the Yamas, referring to the practice of refraining from causing harm, physically, mentally, or verbally, to any living being, including oneself.

• YGYL291 Satya (Truthfulness) | Satya (सत्य)

  Satya means “truth,” “truthfulness,” or “honesty” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Yamas, referring to the practice of speaking and living truthfully, aligning one’s words, thoughts, and actions with reality.

• YGYL292 Asteya (Non-stealing) | Asteya (अस्तेय)

  Asteya means “non-stealing” or “non-covetousness” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Yamas, referring to the practice of not taking anything that has not been freely given, whether it be material possessions, ideas, time, or energy.

• YGYL293 Brahmacharya (Continence, Wise Use of Energy) | Brahmacarya (ब्रह्मचर्य)

  Brahmacarya means “conduct leading to Brahman” or “continence” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Yamas, traditionally referring to celibacy or sexual restraint, but in a broader modern Yoga context, it signifies the wise and conscious management of all forms of energy (physical, mental, sexual, spiritual) to conserve vitality for higher pursuits.

• YGYL294 Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness, Non-greed) | Aparigraha (अपरिग्रह)

  Aparigraha means “non-possessiveness,” “non-greed,” or “non-hoarding” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Yamas, referring to the practice of taking only what is necessary and letting go of excessive accumulation of material possessions, relationships, ideas, or even expectations.

• YGYL295 Niyama (Personal Observances) | Niyama (नियम)

  Niyama means “observance,” “rule,” or “personal discipline” in Sanskrit. It is the second limb of Patanjali’s Eight Limbs of Yoga, referring to five personal observances or disciplines that guide one’s relationship with oneself and foster inner growth.

• YGYL296 Saucha (Purity, Cleanliness) | Śauca (शौच)

  Śauca means “purity,” “cleanliness,” or “clarity” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Niyamas, referring to the practice of maintaining purity and cleanliness in body, mind, and environment.

• YGYL297 Santosha (Contentment) | Saṃtoṣa (संतोष)

  Saṃtoṣa means “contentment,” “satisfaction,” or “acceptance” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Niyamas, referring to the practice of finding joy and satisfaction in what one has, rather than constantly seeking more or being dissatisfied with the present moment.

• YGYL298 Tapas (Self-discipline, Ardor) | Tapas (तपस्)

  Tapas means “heat,” “ardor,” “discipline,” or “asceticism” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Niyamas, referring to the practice of self-discipline, austerity, and persistent effort to purify the body and mind, and to burn away impurities.

• YGYL299 Svadhyaya (Self-study, Study of Scriptures) | Svādhyāya (स्वाध्याय)

  Svādhyāya means “self-study” or “study of scriptures” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Niyamas, referring to the practice of studying sacred texts (like the Yoga Sutras, Bhagavad Gita) and engaging in self-reflection to understand one’s true nature and purpose.

• YGYL300 Ishvara Pranidhana (Surrender to a Higher Power) | Īśvara Praṇidhāna (ईश्वर प्रणिधान)

  Īśvara Praṇidhāna means “surrender to God” or “devotion to a higher power” in Sanskrit. It is one of the Niyamas, referring to the practice of surrendering one’s ego, actions, and outcomes to a higher consciousness, universal principle, or divine will.

8. Abundance and Prosperity

• YGYL301 Abundance | Samṛddhi (समृद्धि)

  Samṛddhi means “prosperity,” “abundance,” or “accomplishment” in Sanskrit. It refers to a state of being fulfilled in all aspects, including not only material wealth but also health, time, relationships, mental contentment, and spiritual growth.

• YGYL302 Prosperity | Śrī (श्री)

  Śrī means “prosperity,” “wealth,” “beauty,” or “good fortune” in Sanskrit. It refers to a state where one’s life is progressing smoothly, being blessed in both material and spiritual aspects. Specifically, it implies abundance accompanied by inner peace and contentment.

• YGYL303 Gratitude (for Abundance) | Kṛtajñatā (कृतज्ञता)

  Kṛtajñatā means “gratitude” or “knowing obligation” in Sanskrit. It refers to a state of mind where one feels sincere appreciation and thankfulness for all abundance, blessings, and what one has in life.

• YGYL304 Law of Attraction | Karma (कर्मन्) – (indirectly related)

  Law of Attraction is an English term referring to the concept that “thoughts create reality” and “like attracts like,” meaning positive thoughts and emotions attract positive realities, and negative thoughts and emotions attract negative realities.

• YGYL305 Value | Artha (अर्थ)

  Artha means “purpose,” “goal,” “value,” “wealth,” or “material prosperity” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to material wealth, success achieved through rightful means, and personal “value,” as one of the four aims of human life (Purusharthas).

• YGYL306 Mental Impressions (Samskara) | Saṃskāra (संस्कार)

  Samskāra refers to the deep-seated mental impressions and imprints formed by our experiences, thoughts, and actions. These subtle traces shape our personality, behavior, and even destiny over time.

• YGYL307 Jagrat (Waking Consciousness) | Jāgrat (जाग्रत्)

  Jagrat denotes the state of full wakefulness, where one is actively engaged with the external world. It embodies the ordinary conscious state in which daily life and sensory experiences occur.

• YGYL308 Ego-Maker (Ahamkara) | Ahaṃkāra (अहंकार)

  Ahaṃkāra is the faculty that creates the sense of individual “I”-ness, anchoring identity in physical and mental phenomena. It is the root of personal ego and self-identification that both empowers and limits us.

• YGYL309 Faith & Conviction (Shraddha) | Śraddhā (श्रद्धा)

  Śraddhā embodies the deep faith and conviction in one’s practice and the larger spiritual journey. It represents trust in the teachings, in the instructor, and in one’s inner guidance.

• YGYL310 Mukti (Liberation) | Mukti (मुक्ति)

  Mukti signifies liberation—the complete release from the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth (Saṃsāra) through the realization of one’s true nature. It is the fruition of spiritual practice, where individuality dissolves into universal oneness.

• YGYL311 End of the Vedas | Vedānta (वेदान्त)

  Vedānta literally means “the end of the Vedas” and denotes a philosophical system built on the culmination of Vedic wisdom, primarily the Upanishads. It is concerned with the inquiry into the ultimate nature of reality and the Self.

• YGYL312 Karma Yoga (Yoga of Action) | Karma Yoga (कर्म योग)

  Karma Yoga is the path of selfless action. It involves engaging in daily activities and work with complete detachment from the fruits of the action, thus purifying the mind and fostering spiritual growth.

9. Integration and Wholeness

• YGYL313 Integration | Yoga (योग)

  Yoga means “union” or “integration” in Sanskrit. Integration refers to the act or state of bringing together separate parts—such as mind and body, breath and movement, individual self and universal consciousness—into a unified whole.

• YGYL314 Wholeness | Pūrṇatva (पूर्णत्व)

  Pūrṇatva means “completeness” or “wholeness” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to a state of perfect harmony across all physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects, a state of complete absence of deficiency, or the realization of such a state.

• YGYL315 Balance | Santulana (संतुलन)

  Santulana means “equilibrium,” “harmony,” or “evenness” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to a state of equilibrium across physical, mental, and energetic aspects.

• YGYL316 Harmony | Samanvaya (समन्वय)

  Samanvaya means “harmony,” “coherence,” or “integration” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to a state where there are no contradictions or conflicts between mind and body, breath, emotions, thoughts, and the surrounding world, resulting in a smooth and pleasant relationship.

• YGYL317 Unity (Oneness) | Ekatva (एकत्व)

  Ekatva means “oneness” or “unity” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the truth that the individual self (Atman) is one with universal cosmic consciousness (Brahman), or the direct experience of that truth.

• YGYL318 Connection | Saṃyoga (संयोग)

  Saṃyoga means “union,” “joining,” or “integration” in Sanskrit. Related to the root “yuj” (to unite) from which “Yoga” is derived, it refers to interconnectedness and oneness at all levels: mind and body, breath and movement, individual and others, and self and cosmos.

• YGYL319 Self-Integration | Sva-samanvaya (स्व-समन्वय)

  Sva-samanvaya means “self-harmony” or “self-integration” in Sanskrit. It refers to the process of recognizing and harmonizing various aspects within oneself (conscious and unconscious parts, light and shadow aspects, etc.) to form a cohesive whole.

• YGYL320 Nirvana (Extinguishment) | Nirvāṇa (निर्वाण)

  Nirvāṇa represents the ultimate extinguishment of desires, ego, and suffering. It is the state in which the flames of craving and ignorance are quenched, ushering in a profound peace and freedom beyond duality.

• YGYL321 Light Self (Light Aspect) | Prakāśa (प्रकाश)

  Prakāśa means “light,” “radiance,” or “clarity” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the pure aspect of our true self (Atman) or consciousness, or the positive qualities we possess (e.g., love, joy, wisdom, courage).

• YGYL322 Self-Transformation | Sva-pariṇāma (स्व-परिणाम)

  Sva-pariṇāma means “self-change” or “self-transformation” in Sanskrit. In Yoga, it refers to the process through which one’s thoughts, emotions, actions, and very being fundamentally change to a higher, more authentic self through conscious practice.

• YGYL323 Ultimate Goal | Mokṣa/ Kaivalya (मोक्ष / कैवल्य)

  Mokṣa means “liberation,” “freedom,” or “emancipation.” Kaivalya means “aloneness,” “absolute freedom,” or “independence” in Sanskrit. In Yoga philosophy, it refers to the highest spiritual achievement or purpose, where one is completely liberated from the cycle of suffering and ignorance, and the true self (Atman) unites with universal consciousness (Brahman).

• YGYL324 Love (Affection) | Prema (प्रेम)

  Love is an English term. Prema means “love” or “affection” in Sanskrit. It refers to a deep affection, devotion, connection, and unconditional affirmation felt towards oneself, others, and universal existence.